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1.
Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. (Online) ; 59: e192427, fev. 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1380226

ABSTRACT

Using an online questionnaire, this study evaluated the profile of a Brazilian population's food handling practices in the home environment. The questionnaire, containing questions about domestic behavior in terms of hygiene and food handling, was built and available through social media sites. Information about the participants' profiles, their food pre-preparation, food preparation, and food post-preparation practices, and the occurrence of foodborne diseases (FBDs) was included in the questionnaire. A total of 701 responses were obtained. The interviewees included 78.31% female participants and 21.68% male participants, with an average age of 31.2 years. Nearly all (94.3%) had a complete or incomplete higher education. In the pre-preparation stage, the participants evaluated the shelf life (97.28%) and storage temperature (44.79%) of the products while purchasing them. Regarding food handling practices, only a few participants washed the food packages before storing them (31.95%) or removed hand jewelry or other adornments when washing food (61.48%). Most participants washed their hands (91.58%) and washed vegetables (99.28%). But a group of interviewees reported washing raw meat (27.81%) before preparing it. Cutting surfaces such as plastic (50.36%) and glass (49.36%) tops were the most prevalent in the study. Most respondents did not know how long they had been using their cutting boards (67.62%) and mentioned using the same surface to handle both raw and ready-to-eat products (84.17%). As for the preparation, most interviewees declared they did not check the food temperature during preparation (86.31%), ignoring the ideal cooking temperature (88.26%). Regarding the occurrence of FBDs, 79.17% of the interviewees reported having suspicious clinical signs associated with contaminated foods and 65.59% did not seek medical help. Thus, the participants demonstrated ignorance about adequate practices for food safety in the home environment, highlighting the need to conduct health education programs within the Brazilian population.(AU)


Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil das práticas de manipulação de alimentos no ambiente domiciliar no Brasil utilizando um questionário online. Um questionário contendo perguntas sobre comportamento doméstico em nível de higiene e manipulação de alimentos foi construído e disponibilizado por redes sociais. O questionário continha informações sobre o perfil dos participantes, suas práticas de pré-preparo, preparo e pós-preparo de alimentos e a ocorrência de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTA). Obteve-se 701 respostas, os entrevistados foram 78,31% do sexo feminino e 21,68% do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 31,2 anos. A maioria (94,3%) possuia ensino superior completo ou incompleto. Na etapa de pré-preparo, os participantes avaliam o prazo de validade (97,28%) e a temperatura de armazenamento (44,79%) dos produtos no momento da compra. Em relação às práticas de manipulação dos alimentos, apenas alguns participantes lavavam as embalagens dos alimentos antes de armazená-los (31,95%) ou retiravam adornos ao lavar os alimentos (61,48%). A maioria dos participantes lavam as mãos (91,58%) e os vegetais (99,28%); entretanto, um grupo de entrevistados relatou lavar carne crua (27,81%) antes de prepará-la. Superfícies de corte como tábuas de plástico (50,36%) e de vidro (49,36%) foram os mais prevalentes no estudo. A maioria dos entrevistados não sabe há quanto tempo usa as tábuas de corte (67,62%) e utilizam a mesma superfície para manusear produtos crus e prontos para o consumo (84,17%). Quanto ao preparo, a maioria dos entrevistados declarou não verificar a temperatura dos alimentos durante o preparo (86,31%), ignorando a temperatura ideal de cozimento (88,26%). Em relação à ocorrência de DVA, 79,17% dos entrevistados relataram que já apresentaram sinais clínicos suspeitos associados a alimentos contaminados e 65,59% não procuraram atendimento médico. Nesse sentido, os participantes demonstraram desconhecimento sobre as práticas adequadas para a segurança dos alimentos no ambiente domiciliar, evidenciando a necessidade de realização de programas de educação em saúde com a população brasileira.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Health Care Surveys/instrumentation , Food Handling/statistics & numerical data , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Food Hygiene/statistics & numerical data , Good Manipulation Practices , Foodborne Diseases/prevention & control
2.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 37: e37033, Jan.-Dec. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1358899

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to characterize dairy production systems in Alegrete, RS, Brazil, based on productive indices, management practices, and technification. The present study was conducted on 43 farms distributed in 22 localities of the county. The collection of data on milk production systems was carried out through visits to the properties, using a semi-structured guide questionnaire. The data obtained with the questionnaires were tabulated in Excel and with the aid of the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software, through multivariate statistics, data were submitted to main component analysis (MCA) and hierarchical clusters analysis (HCA), allowing the division of 43 production units into homogeneous groups. The studied variables were summarized through the MCA in two main components (1 and 2), which clarified 71.53% of the explained variance. The alpha-Cronbach values observed for the two main components totaled 0.977, a result that confirms the reliability of the questionnaire used and reveals the high correlation between the answers obtained. From the hierarchical classification analysis, the dataset of the 43-farm studied was reduced to six groups (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6). The quadrants obtained from the insertion of the axes of the main components 1 and 2 allowed the interpretation of the groups of systems, according to the characteristics related to milk production. G2 presented the highest number of farms of the six systems formed, representing 41.86% of the establishments studied. These are characterized by being a more productive farm, an average 881-1 L day, with greater technological adoption of production and greater area destined to milk production, corresponding to the average of 78 hectares. The productive aspects that define the characteristics of milk production systems in the county were related to the structure of the herd, pasture area, daily production, disposal criteria, and milking management. The main differences found in the different groups are related to the productive indexes, suggesting that the technical assistance and rural extension actions in the dairy production systems in the county of Alegrete should be directed according to the individual need of each group formed.


Subject(s)
Dairying , Products Technology
3.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 51(6): e20200569, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1153918

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the sanitary hygienic quality and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in raw meats and fresh sausages marketed in the city of Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. We analyzed 238 samples of fresh sausages, beef, pork, and chicken from 18 commercial establishments (butchers, supermarkets, and groceries). Samples were subjected to enumerate hygiene indicator microorganisms (mesophilic aerobes and enterobacteria) and detection of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. The mean counts of mesophilic aerobes and enterobacteria were 5.09 and 3.54 log CFU/g, respectively. Beef samples presented the highest frequency of Salmonella spp. (7.93%) and fresh sausages present the highest frequency of L. monocytogenes (19.04%). Among the analyzed samples, 43.70% did not comply with the microbiological parameters established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in different samples and commercial establishments demonstrate the failures of good manufacturing practices in industrial environmental and retails points and the need to train food handlers to reduce the exposure of consumers to potential risks.


RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade higiênica sanitária e a presença de microrganismos patogênicos em carnes in natura e linguiças frescais comercializadas na cidade de Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Foram analisadas 238 amostras de linguiças, carne bovina, suína e de frango de 18 estabelecimentos comerciais (açougues, supermercados e mercearias). As amostras foram submetidas à enumeração de microrganismos indicadores de higiene (aeróbios mesófilos e enterobactérias) e detecção de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. As contagens médias de aeróbios mesófilos e enterobactérias foram 5,09 e 3,54 log UFC/g, respectivamente. Salmonella spp. esteve presente mais frequentemente em amostras de carne bovina (4,91 %), enquanto L. monocytogenes foi mais frequente em linguiças frescais (19,04 %). Das amostras analisadas, 43,70 % não atenderam aos parâmetros microbiológicos estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde. A presença de Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes em diferentes amostras e estabelecimentos comerciais demonstra falhas de boas práticas de fabricação na indústria e pontos de venda, além da necessidade de treinar manipuladores de alimentos para reduzir a exposição dos consumidores à riscos.

4.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(5): 1687-1699, 01-09-2020. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1147864

ABSTRACT

In agrarian reform settlements there are obstacles in the rearing of calves; however, the main aspects that cause this obstacle are not known. Thus, the aim of this study was to diagnose the main obstacles in the management of these dairy heifers to target extension actions.For this, semi-structured guided questionnaires were applied to 40 families from 20 settlements. The questionnaire contained questions about the characteristics of the family, property and general management, feeding and sanitation of calves. The data were tabulated in Excel, transformed into variables and studied by means of multivariate analysis of main components after the farms were grouped into clusters according to similarity. The variables that most affected the heifer rearing system in dairy farms in the agrarian reform settlements of Santana do Livramento, RS, Brazil, were related to diet and occurrence of diarrhoea in calves. The 40 farms studied were grouped into six clusters, which differed especially in relation to who was responsible for the management of the heifers inside the property, regarding the infrastructure for the calves, time in milk production and concern regarding the care in the breeding of the calves. Based on these differences between the clusters being correctly identified, the technicians who work in these farms can establish strategies to work with settled families, emphasising the points where the obstacles are known to trigger the survival of heifers that will replace the dairy herds.


Em assentamentos da reforma agrária há entraves na criação das bezerras, porém, não se conhece os principais aspectos que causam esses entraves. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo, diagnosticar os principais entraves no manejo destas bezerras leiterias para direcionamento de ações de extensão. Para tal, foram aplicados questionários guia semiestruturados à 40 famílias de 20 assentamentos. O questionário continha questões sobre as características da família, propriedade e manejo geral, alimentar e sanitário das bezerras. Os dados foram tabulados em Excel, transformados em variáveis e estudados por meio de análise multivariada de componentes principais. Após as propriedades foram agrupadas em clusters segundo a similaridade. As varáveis que mais afetam o sistema de criação de bezerras em propriedades leiteiras nos assentamentos da reforma agrária de Santana do Livramento, RS, estão relacionadas à alimentação e ocorrência de diarreia nas bezerras. As 40 propriedades estudadas foram agrupadas em seis clusters, que se diferiram especialmente em relação à com quem fica a responsabilidade pelo manejo das bezerras dentro da propriedade, quanto à infraestrutura destinada às bezerras, tempo na produção de leite e preocupação em relação aos cuidados na criação das bezerras. Com base nestas diferenças existentes entre os clusters e corretamente identificadas, os técnicos que atuam nestas propriedades poderão estabelecer estratégias para trabalhar com as famílias assentadas, enfatizando os pontos onde sabidamente estão os entraves para deslanchar a criação das bezerras que irão substituir as matrizes leiteiras.


Subject(s)
Cattle , Breast-Milk Substitutes
5.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(5): 1705-1714, 01-09-2020. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1147918

ABSTRACT

Evaluating and characterizing production systems using farm characteristics allows the diagnosis of failing points. This diagnosis can be used to improve the productive and zootechnical indices. Little is known about the milk production systems in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the milk production systems of the Northwest, Center Western and Southwest mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul, considering the infrastructure, milk handling, milk quantity and composition, and nutritional intake of the cattle. To conduct this study, 38 Milk Production Units (MPUs) registered at the Municipal Secretaries of Agriculture and Emater/Ascar-RS were randomly selected. After being randomly selected, the dairy farms were visited and a semi-structured guide questionnaire was applied and milk samples were collected from expansion tanks. The milk was analyzed for somatic cell counts (SCC) and total bacterial counts (TBC). Data were evaluated through principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Multivariate analysis allowed the investigated variables to be reduced into two main components (CP1 and CP2). These two showed eigenvalues greater than 1 (alpha> 1) and together explained 55.05% of the characteristics variability of the 38 MPUs studied. CP1 contemplated productive capacity and factors related to nutritional management of the MPUs, interfering directly with reproductive performance. CP2 comprised milk handling and daily production. Using these main variables, the data set generated from the 38 MPUs studied were adjusted and classified into five groups (G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5). The characteristics of these groups differed statistically especially in infrastructure and nutritional management of the cattle. Due to their particularities, each of these five groups of MPUs requires strategic technical interventions to improve their productive indexes. KEYWORDS: Management. Production Systems. Milk Quality. INTRODUCTIONThe milk activity is developed in milk production units (MPU) distributed throughout the Brazilian territory (WILLERS et al., 2014). These units have different characteristics regardless of the technological level adopted. The daily production and monthly remuneration play a fundamental role in the generation of jobs and income, moving the economy of the regions where they are inserted. However, the activity is developed in the MPUs under production systems with a wide range of organizational, technological, and production scales (BODENMÜLLER FILHO et al., 2010; WINCK; THALER NETO, 2012). Thus, each productive system has peculiar characteristics, which directly affect the productive efficiency of the MPUs. Rio Grande do Sul is the state in Brazil that produces the second largest volume of milk. In this Received: 08/04/19 Accepted: 30/12/19


Avaliar e caracterizar sistemas de produção utilizando as características das propriedades permite diagnosticar os pontos falhos, visando melhorar os índices produtivos e zootécnicos, desse modo pouco se sabe sobre os sistemas de produção de leite no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar os sistemas de produção de leite das mesorregiões Noroeste, Centro-Oeste e Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, considerando a infra-estrutura, a quantidade, qualidade e composição do leite e o manejo nutricional dos rebanhos. Para conduzir este estudo, 38 Unidades de Produção de Leite (UPLs) registradas nas Secretarias Municipais de Agricultura e Emater/Ascar-RS foram selecionadas aleatoriamente. Depois, as fazendas leiteiras foram visitadas, um questionário semi-estruturado foi aplicado e amostras de leite do tanque foram coletadas. O leite foi analisado quanto à contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e à contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Os dados foram avaliados através de análise de componentes principais e análise de cluster. A análise multivariada permitiu que as variáveis investigadas fossem reduzidas em dois componentes principais (CP1 e CP2). Estes apresentaram autovalores maiores que 1 (alfa> 1) e juntos explicaram 55,05% da variabilidade das características das 38 UPLs estudadas. O CP1 contemplou a capacidade produtiva e os fatores relacionados ao manejo nutricional das UPLs, interferindo diretamente no desempenho produtivo. CP2 compreendeu manipulação de leite e produção diária. Utilizando essas variáveis principais, os dados gerados a partir das 38 UPLs estudadas foram ajustados e estas classificadas em cinco grupos (G1, G2, G3, G4 e G5). As características desses grupos diferiram estatisticamente, especialmente em infraestrutura e manejo nutricional do rebanho. Devido a suas particularidades, cada um desses cinco grupos de MPUs requer intervenções técnicas estratégicas para melhorar seus índices produtivos.


Subject(s)
Breast-Milk Substitutes
6.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 36(1): 191-202, jan./feb. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1049241

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to measure the chemical composition, microbiological profile, fermentative characteristics and the aerobic stability of the olive bagasse silages in natura and added with corn bran, soybean and rice bran in different times of sampling. The was completely randomized design in arrangement of plots subdivided in 4x3 time, with five replications. In the plots were allocated the main treatments, and in the subplots the sampling times were allocated. The fermentative characteristics was studied by determination of the dry matter (DM) content, pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), the microbiological by determining the populations of filamentous fungi, Clostridia, lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteria. In the nutrient profile study, the contents of mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen bound to acid detergent fiber (NIDA), nitrogen bound to neutral detergent fiber (NIDN), carbohydrate and total digestible nutrient (TDN). At the ensilage moment, it also has been determined in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM). The use of corn and rice bran provided a better fermentative profile in the studied ensilage. The pH of the silages added corn and rice bran has presented in 4.00 and 4.06 after 112 storage days, consequently. The adding of soybean bran provided the greatest CP values and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) after the fermentative period, been it 131.55 g kg-1 of DM for CP and 176.28 g kg-1 of DM for NFC. The treatments without bran adding and rice bran added have demonstrated IVDOM levels of 581.12 g ka-1 od DM and 604.51 g kg-1 of DM, consequently. The studied meals improve the nutritional profile of the studied silages and are potentially usable as additives in olive bagasse silages.


Objetivou-se mensurar com esse estudo o perfil bromatológico, microbiológico, características fermentativas e a estabilidade aeróbica das silagens de bagaço de azeitona in natura e aditivada com os farelos de milho, soja e arroz em diferentes tempos de amostragem. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo 4x3, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram alocados os tratamentos principais e nas sub parcelas foram alocados os tempos de amostragem. As características fermentativas foram estudadas por meio da determinação do conteúdo de matéria seca (MS), pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), o microbiológico por meio da determinação das populações de fungos filamentosos, Clostrídeos, bactérias ácido láticas e enterobactérias. No estudo do perfil nutricional determinou-se os conteúdos de matéria mineral (MM), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina, celulose, hemicelulose, nitrogênio ligado a fibra em detergente ácido (NIDA), nitrogênio ligado a fibra em detergente neutro (NIDN), teores de carboidratos e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). No momento da ensilagem também determinou-se a digestibilidade in vitroda matéria seca (IVDMD) e da matéria orgânica (IVDOM). O uso dos farelos de milho e arroz proporcionou melhor perfil fermentativo nas silagens estudadas. O pH das silagens adicionadas de farelo de milho e arroz apresentou-se em 4,00 e 4,06 após os 112 dias de armazenamento, consequentemente. A adição do farelo de soja proporcionou os maiores valores de PB e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) após o período fermentativo, sendo de 131,55 g/kg de MS para PB e 176,28 g/kg de MS para CNF. Os tratamentos sem adição de farelo e adicionado do farelo de arroz apresentaram teores de DIVMO de (581,12 g/kg de MS) e (604,51 g/kg de MS), consequentemente. Os farelos estudados melhoram o perfil nutricional das silagens avaliadas e são potencialmente utilizáveis como aditivos em silagens de bagaço de azeitona.


Subject(s)
Silage , Olea , Food Additives , Nutritive Value , Ruminants
7.
Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. (Online) ; 57(1): e156883, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1122162

ABSTRACT

The quality of raw milk depends on initial microbial contamination and conditions of storage until industry processing. Considering the influence of time and storage temperature on raw milk microbiota, the objective of this work was to quantify and monitor the multiplication of these groups under different conditions. For this purpose, 41 samples of raw milk were collected immediately after milking, stored in the following storage conditions: 25 °C/2 h; 35 °C/2 h; 7 °C/24 h; 7 °C/48 h and 7 °C/60 h and analyses of aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic and proteolytic psychrotrophic microorganisms. The milk samples analyzed in the study had an initial mean count of mesophilic aerobes of 5.38 Log CFU/mL at Time Zero. The milk stored at 25 °C/2 h and 35 °C/2 h kept the mesophilic aerobic counts within the limits established by the legislation (5.48 Log CFU/mL), with an increase in counts of psychrotrophic and proteolytic microorganisms. When stored at 7 °C/24 h and 7 °C/48 h, the count of mesophiles exceeded the established parameters. A significant increase in the count of proteolytic psychrotrophs and psychrotrophs was also observed during storage at 7 °C from 24 h. The results of this study indicate that the temperature of 7 °C is not suitable for the milk conservation, since it was not able to control the microbial multiplication. Thus, the results contribute to the change in milk storage temperature proposed by the new Brazilian legislation.(AU)


A qualidade do leite cru depende da contaminação microbiana inicial e das condições de armazenamento até o processamento na indústria. Considerando a influência do tempo e da temperatura de armazenamento na microbiota do leite cru, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar e monitorar a multiplicação desses grupos de microrganismos sob diferentes condições. Para tanto, foram coletadas 41 amostras de leite cru imediatamente após a ordenha, armazenadas nas seguintes condições de armazenamento: 25 °C/2 h; 35 °C/2 h; 7 °C/24 h; 7 °C/48 h e 7 °C/60 h para análise de microrganismos psicrotróficos, aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos e proteolíticos. As amostras de leite analisadas no estudo apresentaram uma contagem média inicial de aeróbios mesófilos de 5.38 Log UFC/mL no Tempo Zero. O leite armazenado a 25 °C/2 h e 35 °C/2 h manteve as contagens aeróbias mesófilas dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação (5,48 Log UFC/mL), com aumento nas contagens de microrganismos psicrotróficos e proteolíticos. Quando armazenado a 7 °C/24 h e 7 °C/48 h a contagem de mesófilos excedeu os parâmetros estabelecidos. Um aumento significativo na contagem de psicrotróficos e psicrotróficos proteolíticos também foi observado durante o armazenamento a 7 °C a partir das 24 h. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a temperatura de 7 °C não é adequada para a conservação do leite, uma vez que não foi capaz de controlar a multiplicação microbiana. Assim, os resultados contribuem para a mudança na temperatura de armazenamento de leite proposta pela nova legislação brasileira.(AU)


Subject(s)
Milk/microbiology , Food Storage/standards , Microbiota , Raw Foods/microbiology , Legislation, Food/standards , Peptide Hydrolases , Brazil
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